Amakuru

Ubushinwa bufite inganda nini cyane ku isi hamwe n’inganda zuzuye zuzuye hamwe n’ibyiciro byuzuye. Imyenda y'Ubushinwa irimo ubudodo, imyenda, imyenda n'ibindi. Nko mu 2015, Ubushinwa butunganya fibre bwageze kuri toni miliyoni 53, bingana na 50% by’isi yose. Ubushinwa n’igihugu kinini ku isi gitanga kandi kwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga imyenda n’imyenda. Inganda z’imyenda mu Bushinwa zigeze kuyobora isi mu myaka icumi. Ubushinwa buyoboye isi mu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Kurushanwa mu nganda z’imyenda n’imyenda, bigabanijwe mu nganda z’imyenda n’inganda zikora imyenda, n’inganda zirushanwa cyane mu Bushinwa. Nibikomeye kwisi mubijyanye nu mugabane mpuzamahanga ku isoko, igipimo cy’ipiganwa mu bucuruzi n’igipimo nyacyo cyo kugereranya inyungu.

Inganda z’imyenda mu Bushinwa zifite amateka maremare y’iterambere, kuva mu gihe cya Neolithic zimaze kumenya ikoranabuhanga ry’imyenda. Ubuhanga bwimyenda yubudodo nubudodo mubushinwa bwa kera bwageze kurwego rwo hejuru cyane kandi bwamamaye kwisi. Ingoma ya kera y'Abaroma yakwirakwije ubudodo binyuze mu Muhanda wa silike maze Ubushinwa bwita “Igihugu cy'ubudodo”. Inganda z’imyenda mu Bushinwa zabanje zirimo fibre chimique, imyenda yipamba, imyenda yubwoya, imyenda yimyenda, ubudodo, kuboha, gucapa no gusiga irangi, imyenda, imyenda yo murugo, imashini yimyenda nizindi nganda. Nyuma yimyaka yiterambere, inganda zimyenda zagiye zikora buhoro buhoro inganda zigezweho zifite imyenda yo murugo, imyenda yimyenda nimyenda yinganda nka sisitemu eshatu. Muri 2020, Ubushinwa bw’inganda zitunganya fibre zingana na 50% byisi, naho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bingana na 1/3 cyisi. Buri gihe ni inganda zifite ibicuruzwa byinshi by’ubucuruzi by’amahanga mu Bushinwa, kandi umuturage ukoresha fibre fibre ku muntu ageze ku rwego rw’ibihugu byateye imbere ku isi. Mu bihe byashize, inganda z’imyenda mu Bushinwa zaribeshye ku “nganda izuba rirenga”, ariko ubu mu bihugu by’isi yose, ntabwo ari ibyiciro binini gusa, kandi byuzuye mu nganda, sisitemu y’inganda zuzuye, ubumenyi bw’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga ku isonga ry’isi, cyane cyane ikirango cy’imbere mu gihugu cyamenyekanye cyane ku masoko yo mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga. Mu nganda eshanu (imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho byo kubaka, ibyuma n’ibyuma, na gari ya moshi yihuta) byashyizwe ku rutonde rwa mbere rw’inganda zikora inganda ku isi mu Bushinwa, inganda z’imyenda ziza ku mwanya wa mbere.

Umugabane w’isoko ry’inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda mu Bushinwa uza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi, inshuro esheshatu z’Ubutaliyani, inshuro zirindwi z’Ubudage ndetse n’incuro 12 z’Amerika muri hafi imyaka icumi ishize. Igipimo cy’ipiganwa mu bucuruzi mu Bushinwa kiri hejuru ya 0,6 mu gihe kirekire, kandi igipimo cy’ubucuruzi bw’imyenda cy’imyenda cyegereye 1 mu gihe kirekire. Umubare w'inyungu zigereranijwe zigaragara muri rusange hejuru ya 2.5, byerekana ko inganda zifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Umusaruro w’inganda z’imyenda n’imyenda mu Bushinwa wasangaga wikubye inshuro 9 uw’Ubutaliyani ndetse n’incuro 14 z’Amerika, ibyo bikaba bidashidikanywaho ko bivuze ko inganda zifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku rwego mpuzamahanga. By'umwihariko, mu myaka icumi ya gatatu y'ivugurura no gufungura, Ubushinwa bwashyize ku mwanya wa mbere mu musaruro wa fibre chimique, ubudodo, igitambaro, umwenda w'ubwoya, ibicuruzwa by'imyenda n'imyenda. Byongeye kandi, dukurikije imibare ifatika yaturutse muri Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Ubuyapani, mu 2020, Ubushinwa bwagize 33%, 43.9% na 58.6% by’imyenda yose y’imyenda yatumijwe muri Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Ubuyapani. Muri byo, ibicuruzwa bya Mask biva mu Bushinwa byiganjemo isoko, bingana na 83%, 91.3% na 89.9% by’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Amerika, EU ndetse n’Ubuyapani.

Ugereranije n’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya bifite igiciro gito, Ubushinwa bufite inyungu karemano: 1) Inganda z’imyenda y’Ubushinwa zifite amateka maremare, ibikoresho fatizo byuzuye ndetse n’isoko ryuzuye ryuzuye, akaba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru yo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu gihe cy’icyorezo. 1) Icyorezo cy’icyorezo mu Bushinwa kirahagaze, kandi Ubushinwa nabwo bwa mbere bwongeye gukora imirimo n’umusaruro. Inganda ninganda zitangwa nibisanzwe, kandi ibicuruzwa birashobora gutangwa nkuko byateganijwe. 3) Inganda z’imyenda mu Bushinwa zikorerwa ku mbuga zikoresha inganda zikoresha igiciro gito cy’umusaruro rusange.

Umudugudu uzwi cyane mu Bushinwa: Hebei Gaoyang. Imyenda ya Gaoyang yatangiye mu mpera z'ingoma ya Ming, xing mu mpera z'ingoma ya Qing, itera imbere muri Repubulika ya mbere y'Ubushinwa, imyaka irenga 400 umurage, inganda z’imyenda yo mu ntara zirenga 4000. Imurikagurisha ry’imyenda ngarukamwaka ni ikintu gikomeye cy’inganda z’imyenda y'igihugu. Ifite inzu ndangamurage nini y’umwuga ifite ibikoresho byuzuye by’amateka hamwe n’uruganda runini rutunganya imyanda yo mu ntara. Twabibutsa ko inganda z’imyenda ya gao Yang yateye imbere cyane, igitambaro, ubwoya, igitambaro cy’ibicuruzwa bitatu by’ibanze bingana na 38.8%, 24.7% na 26% by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu, ni kimwe mu bigo bikwirakwiza impamba mu gihugu, gifite isoko ry’imyenda nini yo mu gihugu, gao Yang umujyi w’ubucuruzi bw’imyenda minini mu gihugu - XingNa.

Umujyi Mucyo Mucyo Umujyi uherereye mu Karere ka Keqiao, Umujyi wa Shaoxing, Intara ya Zhejiang. Shaoxing Keqiao yashinzwe mu Kwakira 1988, yahimbye imigani itagira ingano kandi ihinduka umurwa mukuru w’imyenda “ukwira isi yose”. Umujyi w’imyenda mu Bushinwa ufite ubuso bwa metero kare miliyoni 1.8, hamwe n’ubwubatsi bwa metero kare miliyoni 3.9. Buri mwaka, imyenda igurishwa hano igizwe na 1/3 cyigihugu na 1/4 cyisi. Muri 2020, Ubushinwa Imyenda yisoko ryisoko ryumujyi ryinjije miliyari 216.325. Umubare w’ibicuruzwa by’isoko ry’imyenda yo mu Bushinwa ku murongo wa interineti no kuri interineti wageze kuri miliyari 277.03. Yashyize ku mwanya wa mbere ku isoko ry’imyenda yo mu Bushinwa mu myaka 32 ikurikiranye. Ubu ni ikigo kinini cyo gukwirakwiza imyenda gifite ibikoresho byuzuye hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye mu Bushinwa, ndetse n’isoko rinini ry’umwuga muri Aziya.

Ubushinwa buracyayobora isi mubijyanye na fibre fibre filament. Umusaruro rusange wa fibre ku isi ni toni zirenga miliyoni 90. 70 ku ijana bya toni miliyoni 90 z'umusaruro wa fibre ni fibre chimique, toni zigera kuri miliyoni 65, muri zo fibre fibre fibre ni toni miliyoni 40. Birashobora kugaragara ko fibre chimique yiganjemo filaments. Amenshi muri toni zirenga miliyoni 40 za fibre fibre fibre filament kwisi ikorerwa mubushinwa.

Ubushinwa nicyo gitanga impamba nini n’umuguzi ku isi. Kubera ko umusaruro w’ipamba mu gihugu udashobora guhaza ibyifuzo, Ubushinwa buracyakeneye gutumizwa mu mahanga kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa. Ariko cyane cyane byatumijwe mu mahanga impamba zo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Umubare w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu 2020 byari toni miliyoni 2.1545, byiyongereyeho 16.67% umwaka ushize. Muri byo, Amerika, Burezili n'Ubuhinde nibyo bitatu bya mbere bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ku bijyanye n’itangwa ry’imbere mu gihugu, guhinga ipamba mu Bushinwa bikwirakwizwa cyane cyane mu ruzi rwa Yangtze no mu kibaya cy’Umuhondo ndetse n’ahantu hakorerwa ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa, aho umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bikomoka mu Bushinwa bingana na 45% by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu, uw'ibibaya by’Uruzi rw’umuhondo ugera kuri 10%. Twabibutsa ko ipamba ry’Ubushinwa n’ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge ku isi, kubera ko Ubushinwa buza ku isonga mu bicuruzwa by’ipamba by’ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa, umusaruro w’ipamba mu Bushinwa mu 2020 wari toni miliyoni 5.161, bingana na 87.3% by’igihugu, bingana na kimwe cya gatanu cy’isi. Twashobora kuvuga ko biterwa n’umusaruro mwinshi w’ubushinwa ndetse n’ubwiza buhanitse bw’ipamba niho hashyigikiwe ingufu z’Ubushinwa mu gihugu cya mbere gitanga impamba ku isi.